Marketing of Service †Restaurant Chain Essay

With the rise in disposable income, dining outside has become a staple part of the modern world. This has been a phenomenon of most of the cities across the continent. The beautiful and pristine continent of Africa is no exception with the spurt of the cities and the settlements from the outside countries. An interesting cradle of development in the continent is the country of South Africa. As the standard of living of most South Africans has risen over the last decade, eating out has become a popular leisure activity. According to Statistics South Africa, restaurants and coffee shops are steadily growing their businesses year on year. Take-away also did well, with businesses growing at an annual rate of around 15%. These increases were in spite of rising interest rates. In recent years, this market has grown and more restaurants have opened – offering a wide variety and an improving quality of food. So, while the market offers plenty of opportunity for a small business, it also demands quality and preferably a special or different offering. We, at Golden Restaurants , in our explorations to roll out across the seas , couldn’t help overlook this burgeoning market. Hence, going ahead with our vision of taking our Flagship Restaurant Brand ‘The Golden Bowl’ to the International Market, we have thought of setting our eyes on the Africa’s , the beautiful South Africa to begin with . Being in the Indian Restaurant Market for quite sometime and having burnt our kitchens to serve clients from different classes , particularly , the rich and the creamy , we would like to conjure our expertise in positioning ourselves as a class apart and an amphitheatre for the Rich and the Super Rich Indian South Africans . This document provides a peek into the South African Indian Market and our strategy to market and promote the experience of Dining in a different way to the Rich Indian populace. Introduction Setting up a restaurant means first deciding what type of food to serve. South Africa has plenty of ‘traditional’ dishes of its own, and has long been a fertile market for cuisines from India, Italy, Greece, France, China and Japan. This exposure has grown in the last decade, and will continue as the country has become home to thousands from other African countries. Knowing our expertise in the Indian Cuisines, we plan to target High-earning individuals or families of the large Indian Diaspora with plenty of disposable income but not much time as well as dual-income family groups and the Flux of Indian Tourists to the country. Though there are a sizeable number of Indian Restaurants, around 40, located in the Indian strongholds like Durban, Johannesburg, Cape Town, Pretoria catering to the different strata of the diaspora, we intend to focus ourselves on the niche rich segment and provide an enriching experience with differentiated Service Value Addition. We plan to start with Johannesburg, as our strategic location , it being a hotspot of Indian settlement and also one of the wealtiest cities of the country . We would like to offer our guests a dining experience like no other. A unique, interactive dining experience creating memorable moments with family and friends or the corporate honchos. From the time the first piece of bread is dipped and the last piece of dessert is savored, you’ll be graced with the time to discover new things about people you thought you knew. And, those you’re getting to know. The emphasis would be on the first impressions and the power of contrast, simplified but exhaustive dining, an engagement of the senses and a choreographed ambience. The pick of the cuisines of the four corners of India would be on offer and the Indian exotic feel would be the main forte. Indian Diaspora in South Africa The history of the Indian diaspora in South Africa is a fascinating saga of almost a hundred & forty years. Indian South Africans are people of Indian descent living in South Africa and mostly live in and around the city of Durban, making it ‘the largest ‘Indian’ city outside India’. Many Indians in South Africa are descendents of migrants from colonial India (South Asia) during late 19th-century through early 20th-century. At other times Indians were subsumed in the broader geographical category â€Å"Asians†, including persons originating in present-day Iran and parts of the small Chinese community. The modern South African Indian community is largely descended from Indians who arrived in South Africa from 1860 onwards. The first 342 of these came on board the Truro from Madras, followed by the Belvedere from Calcutta. They were transported as ndentured laborers to work on the sugarcane plantations of Natal Colony, and, in total, approximately 150,000 Indians arrived as indentured laborers over a period of 5 decades, later also as indentured coal miners and railway construction workers. The indentured laborers tended to speak Tamil, Telugu and Hindi, and the majority were Hindu with Christians and Muslims among them. The remaining Indian immigration was from passenger Indians, comprising traders, and others who migrated to South Africa shortly after the indentured labourers, paid for their own fares and travelled as British Subjects. These immigrant Indians who became traders were from varying religious backgrounds, some being Hindu and some being Muslims from Gujarat (including Memons and Surtis), later joined by Kokanis, and Urdu speakers from Uttar Pradesh. . There was also a significant number of Gujarati Hindus in this group. Indian traders were sometimes referred to as â€Å"Arab traders† because of their dress, as large numbers of them were Muslim. Passenger Indians, who initially operated in Durban, expanded inland, to the South African Republic (Transvaal), establishing communities in settlements on the main road between Johannesburg and Durban. Natal’s Indian traders rapidly displaced small white shop owners in trade with other Indians, and with black Africans, causing resentment among white businesses. | Population, Regional & Linguistic Distribution The South African Indian origin community currently numbers around 1. 15 million and constitutes about 2. 5% of South Africa’s total population of 45. 45 million. About 80% of the Indian community lives in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, about 15% in the Gauteng (previously Transvaal) area and the remaining 5% in the Cape Town area. In KwaZulu-Natal, the major concentration of the Indian population is in Durban. The largest concentrations of Indian settlement are at Chatsworth, Phoenix, Tongaat and Stanger in the Durban Coastal area, which covers approximately 500,000 of the Indian origin community. Pietermaritzburg – noted for its link with Mahatma Gandhi – has a community of approximately 200,000. Smaller inland towns in KwaZulu Natal such as Ladysmith, Newcastle, Dundee and Glencoe make up the bulk of the remaining Indian population. In the Gauteng area, the Indian community is largely concentrated around Lenasia outside Johannesburg and Laudium and other suburbs outside Pretoria. There are also smaller groups in towns in the Eastern Cape and other provinces. Settlement of Indian origin people in a particular area, as with other South African peoples, came about as a result of the Group Areas Act that forced racial division into particular designated areas. According to the figures provided by the Department of Education and Culture, in the Province of KwaZulu-Natal, the linguistic break-up of the Indian community is as follows: Tamil 51%, Hindi 30%, Gujarati 7%, Telugu 6%, Urdu 5% and others 1%. Starting a restaurant in South Africa Product is a key element in the overall market offering. Marketing-mix planning begins with formulating an offering that brings value to target customers. This offering becomes the basis upon which the company builds profitable relationships with customers. A company’s market offering often includes both tangible goods and services. Each component can be a minor or a major part of the total offer. At one extreme, the offer may consist of a pure tangible good, such as soap. Toothpaste, or salt—no services accompanying the product. At the other extreme are pure services, for which the offer consists primarily of a service. Examples include a doctor’s exam or financial services. Between these two extremes, however, many goods-and-services combinations are possible, the best examples is â€Å"Restaurant†. A restaurant is an ideal case of a product meets services story and the success of the greater concept as a whole depends on the combined successes or excellence of the entire gamut of offerings right from the food served to the services rendered to the ambience offered. We are not just offering our core Product with an elite Service but we blend it with a rich dining experience, one that would linger on for quite sometime. Now that we have identified the country, learnt about the population and have good statistical information which support the opening of an Indian Restaurant in South Africa, let’s put on the Thinking Hat and do some Brainstorming like a marketers. We have the vast South African Market which is more or less a mixed kind of market with heterogeneous culture. So, at first we need to identify our target market and position our pro-ser-exp (product served in a unique manner to give an experience of lifetime) by the process of S. T. P (i. e. Segmenting, Targeting and Positioning)

Fox and Coyote and Whale

Native American traditional stories, folktales, are stories passed down from generation to generation by story telling and performance. Native Americans emphasized the importance of living in harmony with the naturual world. They had complex religious beliefs, sophisticated poltical systems, and strong morals. Some of the stories are creation myths, tales of heroes, and tricksters. Trickster tales are stories that have animals or human characters who engage in deceit, violence, or magic. Often trickster tales are said to explain why the world is the way it is.â€Å"Coyote and the Buffalo† and â€Å"Fox and Coyote and Whale† are two trickster tales, retold by Mourning Dove, explaining how Coyote's action created changes in the world. In theses two trickster tales, Coyote, the main character shares some similarities in morals, character, and transformation . Yet there exsists differences in how these traits are presented. One similarity between these two trickster tales i s that they both have purposes to teach morals. The moral teaching in â€Å"Coyote and the Buffalo† is to not be greedy.An example would be when Coyote killed the cow for more food because he was tired of eating only the fat. As a result he gets the remains of the cow stolen and is left with nothing. In â€Å"Fox and Coyote and Whale†, one of the morals is not to steal someone's wife.Whale steals Fox's wife and takes her to his lodge which leads Coyote and Fox's wife. Whale ends up getting his head chopped off and thrown into the ocean. They both teach morals, just in different ways. One difference that these two trickster tale have is Coyote's character trait. For example, in â€Å"Coyote and the Buffalo†, Coyote is portrayed as numbskull.Actions like kicking the Buffalo Bull's skull out of revenge, killing the cow Buffalo Bull gave him thinking Buffalo Bull will never know, and trusting a stranger with the little food he had left to take a nap, all make Coyote a numbskull. In â€Å"Fox and Coyote and Whale†, Coyote is smart and thoughtful.When Coyote helps Fox outsmart the water maidens, into telling them where Fox's wife was located, they go on a journey to recapture Fox's wife from Whale. Even tho Coyote in one tale contrasts Coyote's character from the other they both did well people. Coyote from â€Å"Coyote and the Buffalo†, got out of dieing by offering Buffalo Bull new horns.Buffalo accepted, so it was a win-win situaton for Coyote. In the other tale, Coyote helped find Coyote's wife by decieving the water maidens, and getting information before killing them. This helped regain Fox's wife's love.The coyote in these tales had diiferent mentalities from one another, one being an idiot and one being smart. Another similarity that theses tales have is that they both explain why the world is how it is. For example, in â€Å"Coyote and the Buffalo†, when Coyote gives Buffalo Bull new horns, they become the horns tha t all buffalos would have from that point on.Also, when Coyote kills the cow that was given to him by Buffalo as food he decides to go back to Buffalo to ask for another one but the cow that Coyote killed returned from the dead and refused to go with coyote again and Buffalo denies him another one.This explains why there are no buffalo in the Kettle Falls on the Columbia Rive, all because of Coyote. In â€Å"Fox and Coyote and Whale†, Fox and Coyote go after Fox's wife who was taken by Whale. After Fox and Coyote rescue her, Fox's cuts off Whale's head and tosses it into the ocean.This is why there are no whales in the rivers, and Whale could no longer make love to the wives of other men. This trickster tale also explains why Land people and Water people don't like each other. Coyote plays a role in how everything changed and how everything transformed.From reading both trickster tales, I learned that by decieving people you can get things out of them. These tales defenitely taught many moral, such as respect the dead, don't take what you have for grante, the importance of familiy and fidelity, ect. It gave a background on how the world transformed.

Importance of Political Socialization

There are many ways that our ideas are shaped and influenced as we grow up. This process by which we develop certain ways of thinking is called political socialization. There are three main influences which change and shape us being, the family, the mass media, and formal education. The family definitely has the greatest impact on us as we grow. This is primarily because ever since the beginning of childhood we are exposed to the ideas of our parents. Their ideas are the ideas that young children learn, and soon begin to form these ideas are their own. The saying that â€Å"You never get a second chance to make a first impression† holds true here in that this is what first the child is exposed to, and it is hard to get people to change from their original ideas of politics, or anything for that matter. In 1965 Jennings and Niemi selected a sample of high school seniors throughout the country and found that 58.9% of them had chosen the same party as their parents. Another influence on how people are shaped is the Mass Media. Today more and more people are spending more and more time watching television. The average grade school student spends more time watching tv than he or she does at school. The media has been called the â€Å"new parent† by some. However, the programs that would influence political opinion the most, such as the news, are rarely watched by the youth of today. The final major influence of people political socialization is their formal education or school. Countries have historically had government classes in their schools to â€Å"preach† the goodness of their particular type of government. For example, American children have been taught the virtues of capitalism and democracy for years. In Germany, during the Nazi era, children were taught how murders could be justified in certain situations. There are certain types of ways used to measure the public's opinion once they have been formed. There are usually samples that are performed instead of complete polls because it can save a lot of time. Scientific sampling is polling random people to form the general opinion of many people. In closing, it is evident by reading above that people today are influenced by the Mass Media, schools, and probably most importantly, families. Importance of Political Socialization There are many ways that our ideas are shaped and influenced as we grow up. This process by which we develop certain ways of thinking is called political socialization. There are three main influences which change and shape us being, the family, the mass media, and formal education. The family definitely has the greatest impact on us as we grow. This is primarily because ever since the beginning of childhood we are exposed to the ideas of our parents. Their ideas are the ideas that young children learn, and soon begin to form these ideas are their own. The saying that â€Å"You never get a second chance to make a first impression† holds true here in that this is what first the child is exposed to, and it is hard to get people to change from their original ideas of politics, or anything for that matter. In 1965 Jennings and Niemi selected a sample of high school seniors throughout the country and found that 58.9% of them had chosen the same party as their parents. Another influence on how people are shaped is the Mass Media. Today more and more people are spending more and more time watching television. The average grade school student spends more time watching tv than he or she does at school. The media has been called the â€Å"new parent† by some. However, the programs that would influence political opinion the most, such as the news, are rarely watched by the youth of today. The final major influence of people political socialization is their formal education or school. Countries have historically had government classes in their schools to â€Å"preach† the goodness of their particular type of government. For example, American children have been taught the virtues of capitalism and democracy for years. In Germany, during the Nazi era, children were taught how murders could be justified in certain situations. There are certain types of ways used to measure the public's opinion once they have been formed. There are usually samples that are performed instead of complete polls because it can save a lot of time. Scientific sampling is polling random people to form the general opinion of many people. In closing, it is evident by reading above that people today are influenced by the Mass Media, schools, and probably most importantly, families.

Muslims in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Muslims in America - Essay Example The essay "Muslims in America" talks about the position of Muslims in the United States of America after the WTC attacks and the 9/11 attacks when the Muslims Groups tried to kill the American people. The terrorist attacks in the US had played a major role in settling beliefs in minds of young and innocent Americans. Muslims have played a very important role in integrating with the culture of the USA. There have been many Muslims rappers in the country. Muslims have been vocal in their opinions through magazines and other means of public publications. There are Muslims Comedy groups up and running in many parts of the country and they all share a common sense of humour which is nowhere connected with the plight of Americans suffering from terrorism. The Sunni Muslims in the USA are in the majority, while the Shia Community is in the minority. They both follow their schools of jurisprudence, and more than 2/3rds of the Muslims believe that religion is an important tool to strengthen one’s life. The Muslims have integrated very well with the rest of the population in America. Although there were some doubts in the early part of the 20th century, all these doubts were erased when the Blacks living in the USA started converting to Islam, as the religion provided the best possible means to live a life which was devoid of any discrimination as opposed to Christianity. The Wall Street Journal in its report had claimed that the Ameri can Muslims had been projected as role models for the Muslims.

Prosecutorial Misconduct Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prosecutorial Misconduct - Research Paper Example In this respect, this becomes unacceptable by the law. Therefore, in order for the criminal justice system to be in a position to provide the mandate for which it is created, there is a need for the reformation of this problem. This will provide a solution to the issue as the prosecutors among other law enforcers will be in a position to act within their specified duties. In this sense, both the criminals and other citizens of the countries will be given the opportunity to enjoy their individual rights of justice. Within the legal profession, there are those convictions that have been made in a wrongful manner. Although most of the time these have been contributed by honest mistakes that could not have been prevented or avoided, there are those that have taken place as a result of ignorance and the lack of responsibilities by the members of the legal profession. This is a sign that in far too many cases, the same people who are entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring truth and justice since they are the law enforcement officers and mainly the prosecutors lose focus of this obligation and instead of working towards the maintenance of justice they mainly focus on securing convictions for themselves regardless of the consequences placed on the defendant. It mostly applies to the prosecutors who aim at providing evidence against the defendant despite the fact that they also possess alternative evidence to prevent the incrimination of the said defendant. This means that they may have evidenc e to incriminate a different individual hence leading to the wrongful conviction of the first defendant (Davis, 2007). It refers to the illegal action or the lack of action by the prosecutor especially in the attempt to influence the jury to convict a defendant inappropriately or to give a punishment that is harsher than it is necessary. At times, it is also known as selective prosecution. This is a problem that has currently been

Military Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Military Technology - Essay Example The internet and phones connect us to people who are thousands of miles away from us and have bonded people together as well as widening our view on staffs and made information even more accessible to persons. Evolution of technology has made life easier by saving lives via technological medical advances. Newer technological advances might lead to newer scientific discoveries. For instance, the developed DNA sequencing and copying technologies has led us into important breakthroughs in several areas of biology, specifically in reconstruction of evolutionary relationships amongst organisms. One might think the society is relying too much on it but that might be a good staff since that's the way our lives seems to be improving now thanks to technology (Hardy, 2002). Our everyday lives are spent surrounded by technology and technology not just being Xboxes and TVs. We heavily depend on cars, trains, and planes for transportation. The society also rely greatly on advancements in weaponry so us to keep the country safe. We spin around technology and it has enhanced our lives greatly. I think our everyday life would be miserable without evolution of technology. ... Moreover if you don’t own a recent one then it`s same as not owning one at all. With the evolution of technology, we are discovering new, and life altering ways to enhance research into many diverse fields which we use every single day. One of the most essential forms of research which with the aid of technology has assisted individuals worldwide is medical research. Devoid of the evolution of technology that the society has now, most of the treatments the society has for diseases, injuries and infections would have not been invented if the technology society has today did not exist. Human life spans would significantly be reduced, and they would not recover from diseases, injuries or infection the way they are able to now. Less harmful infections and injuries would be more serious and might not heal as they do. Diseases too would be way more deadly than they are currently (Jaeger & Bowman, 2005). A good example of how society is dependent on the current technology to assist p eople as well as make huge improvements on illnesses is evidenced in reliance on artificial limbs to make life easier. The continued funding of NASA( National Aeronautics and Space Administration), together with its combined innovations in shock-absorption and robotics materials are inspiring and allowing the private sector to generate new and better solutions to animal and human prostheses. Advancements for instance Environmental Robots Inc.’s improvement of artificial muscle systems that has actuation capabilities and robotic sensing for use in extravehicular activities and space robotic of NASA are being adapted to generate a very functionally dynamic artificial limbs. Technology also make our lives easier and that of society through improving the transport sector.

Intercultural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Intercultural Communication - Essay Example International students are an increasingly significant presence in our educational programs, and thus it is important to understand how they make the transition from their culture education to new constructs for learning, socializing and communicating. Hence, we need to enhance our understanding of the difficulties faced by international students and construct learning environments that facilitates intercultural communication among international students and host students. In order to critically evaluate the article, it is essential to read it through carefully made make important points as for the consistency and structure, also to discuss in details the parts that were included in the article, review the literature concerning intercultural communication of international students and the difficulties they face while studying internationally and the reason they limit their interaction with students who are culturally different, discuss findings and design of research, consider views of other authors and make sure the article corresponds to other recent research. Finally, come up with conclusion about article's credibility and views on how the article might be improved. When looking for books, articles, journals in the libraries (both university library and online libraries) and searching the world wide web the following keywords were used: intercultural communication; ethnic students; international education; language barriers; cross-cultura... a. Kijima, M, 'Schooling, multiculturalism and culture identity', International Education Journal, ERC2004 Special Issue, 2005, vol 5, no.5, PP.12-136 b. Doria, C, 'The truth about being an international student', Globally United, 2005 c. Dalglish C, Chan A, 'Expectations and reality: international student reflections on studying in Australia', Opportunities in a challenging environment, the Australian International Education Conference 2005'. d. Asmar C, June 2005, 'Internationalising students: reassessing diasporic and local students difference' Studies in Higher Education, v.30 n.3 p.291-309 e. Prescott A, Hellsten M, 2005 'Hanging together even with non-native speakers : the international student transition experience' 'Internationalizing higher education : critical explorations of pedagogy and policy' edited by P Ninnes and M Hellsten, pages 75-95. Hong Kong : Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong p 75-95 f. McNamara D & Harris R 'Overseas Students in Higher education: Issues in Teaching and Learning, Routledge, 1997 3. Findings The following books and journals will be used to critically evaluate the article: a. Dalgish C, Chan A, 2005, 'Expectations and reality: international student reflections on studying in Australia', Opportunities in a challenging environment, The Australian International Education Conference, Education Australia. This item can be found in Southern Cross University library/ library database/A+ Education.This paper will be useful in assessing the article as it explores international students expectations, and difficulties faced studying overseas. b. Tomich PC, McWhiter JJ & Darcy MJA, 'Personality and International

Marketing Logistics Interface Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Logistics Interface - Case Study Example The company is a catalogue based distributor in nature. Thus it deals with professional customers worldwide. After 1989 the company took various initiatives in order to increase the revenue and profitability. In the process the company has adopted many strategies such as battery replacement for recycling of waste batteries and the innovation of introducing Eco wire-Environment Friendly techniques (www.rswww.com). RS Components has achieved 50% of the sales from the UK internet sales in the year 1989, due to the fact that the company succeeded in increasing the awareness and the importance of the RS website including the latest electronics, electrical and industrial products. In addition to that it is basically because of the continual adoption of innovative products and also introducing the new innovative production packages online in the RS website. This new package involves a host of benefits to the customers of RS components such as easy identification of packaging format, set the required quantity, check the levels of live stock, place orders online and also fast delivery system. According to the Nik Patel, Marketing Manager e-commerce at RS commented on the success of online sales is that it could achieve basically because by listening to the RS customers and innovative investing new technology in its website. In fact they could make online ordering and valuable information sourcing in a simple and easy manner in order to attract more customers to its range of products. RS Componenents is mainly focusing on meeting the customer's demand by a rare combination of value, choice and service through innovating in pricing, product marketing and first initiative moves. The UK market for electronic and electrical goods has become so strategically competitive and RS' is focused on this market segment with more and more orientation towards meeting customers' ever changing demand patterns. The retail store as against the e-retailing offers a variety of goods and services on the spot while, the latter offers an equally diverse and complex mixture of products for later delivery (Murphy, & Poist, 1992). Its current product launching strategy is associated with making use of niche markets that exist in many parts of Britain, including e-retailing. For instance its recent product launches in Britain were highly successful due to the suddenness and the associated surprise. Customers were caught unawares by these very attractive offers. Thus RS' has adopted a strategy of launching products in cities where consumers were little or no used to such windfall bargains before.RS' developed its advanced search and navigation engine in online stores so as to save the time of the electronic and maintenance engineers, reduce their purchase cost, selecting and ordering products and improve the efficiency of the service (Lynch, & Whicker, 2008). Thus the clarity of the website allows its employees to implement host of new services in an efficient and effective manner and also customers would benefitted from free product information advices from the technical staff of the RS and accessing to about 110, 000 datasheets while ensuring the customer satisfaction. Thus according to the Marketing Manager e-commerce, supply chain

Macbook Pro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macbook Pro - Essay Example Flash is the most fastest and reliable storage technology and it provides the capability and the much needed power to the different models, particularly the compact 13-inch and the super slim 15-inch models. Users can rely on the flash architecture since it is reliable, durable and battery efficient. Those who love games, Mac book pro has the latest Intel processors and next generation graphics which are built for speed and clear vision. With the Mac book pro, individuals can be able to easily find, share and organize their own personal information (Miser, 2012). Regulations and policies for the Mac book pro range can be categorized into legislation, company and government. The company that manufactures the Mac book pro computers, Apple (Linzmayer, 2004), has its own rules and regulation are to be agreed on by those in need of using the product. Personal information of any person purchasing the Mac book pro is collected as it helps identify the buyer, or contact the owner in case of an issue. Personal information collected includes; ‘name’, ‘mailing addresses, ‘phone number’, ‘email addresses, and ‘credit card information’ (Miser, 2012). In America, the social security number may be collected, but this can be in the case where one is setting up a wireless account (Miser, 2012). Government policies and legislations have standards that are set and they regulate the manufacturing of the Mac book pros’, distribution, marketing and the use of the Mac book pro. Different countries have diff erent regulations for the use and distribution of the Mac book pro. Importation and exportation is regulated and there is certain authority that the government is granted in order to regulate such. There is no specific age group who are allowed to use the Mac book pro, though there are specific acts and rules to regulate and monitor its use (Miser, 2012). The Mac book pro consists of various models, with some having a tapered design which has a

Strategy Positioning Paper Essay Example for Free

Strategy Positioning Paper Essay Apple is one of the most innovative companies that were ever created to surface our technology world. Founder created it Steve Jobs and two others in 1976. Apple is an â€Å"American multinational corporation headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, online services, and personal computers† (Apple Inc., 2014).Apple is most known for its hardware products such as the Mac computer, IPod, IPad, and the infamous IPhone smart phones, just to name a few. The sleek design of all these products mentioned, is one of the major components that separates this line from its competitors. Having a collection of Apple products is in very high demand across the globe, due to its popularity, speed, and overall technology performance. It has over 400 retail stores across fourteen countries. It does not surprise Apple customers when they develop something great and market it to the world seeing that Apple has estimated revenue of $170 billion. Most Apple consumers are ready for something new to be launched, just so they can get their fingers on it. Apple, Inc. is introducing a new product called the iFlash. It is a portable flash drive combined with a charger, having a flash drive on one end and a charger on the other end. The iFlash comes in varies GB of 8, 16, and 32, with its compatibility with all Apple products. It also comes with a docking station that it connects to so that it can charge itself. It gives you the luxury of being able to charge your phone on the go without worry about finding an outlet to plug it into. The iFlash lets you have the freedom to charge your phone, without being connected to a power source, which is great for this â€Å"on the go generation†. The iFlash is also Wi-Fi capable which means that whenever you have Wi-Fi capability you can upload and sync your phone with iTunes and iCloud as well as perform any  updates that are needed to any applications or to your operating system. The built in flash drive allows you to save information from your phone to the flash drive if needed or you can use it as a portable flash drive on its own. A SWOT analysis of the organization and offering Recognition of Brand Many people are around one area, could leave the Wi-Fi in slow connection Opens opportunities to downloading to a computer without the use of a cord attached to it Workers being exposed to Benzene and N-Hexane The table shows that iFlash could be an advantage or disadvantage with the company. IFlash gives this now on the go generation the opportunity to get things done and stay updated without the fear of finding an outlet to plug into. Many companies that work with electronics have to worry about workers being exposed to Benzene and N-Hexane. Both of them could be critical, however, Apple practices going green. Apple likes to use some of their older projects to help advance the company and gain additional knowledge about the iFlash. The iFlash is yet another fantastic technological creation from  Apple that will give its users the benefit of saving data, including pictures and videos without having to plug into or log onto a computer at all. At the same time, the iFlash will allow the charging of any Apple device without having to plug into an electrical outlet. Both of these functions are wonderful alone but together they make for an extremely useful device. According to Porter’ s five competitive forces, however there may be a significant amount of competition almost immediately. Because of the fact that mobile device industry is so profitable there will surely be a number of threats of new entrants as has been the case for almost all advancements in the industry. One thing that Apple does have however is an extremely loyal customer base, which will certainly help with the success of the launch of the product. Apple customers are so loyal in fact, that some actually camp out in front of stores in anticipation of the release of a new product, in particular the iPhone. The threat of substitute products or services is also very prevalent and in fact to some degree already available. There are both portable chargers and flash drives already available however not as a combination, which is where our product is different from any other. There is also the factor of bargaining powers, both of the customers as well as the suppliers. Apple has a substantial production and distribution operation however, whenever a new device is introduced there is inevitably a backlog because of the popularity of the product. This in essence would create a bargaining power for the customer however since Apple is so popular and established it does not. This might however create a bargaining power for the suppliers because they know that the demand for the product is huge and they could possibly play on that to charge more to produce the device. The competitive rivalry is alive and well in this industry perhaps more than any other industry today. Market Segmentation Base Apple should segment the market on the following basis. Accessible: The selected segments should be reachable in terms of communication or distribution channels. Identifiable: The market segments should have differentiable measures that are easy to identify while segmenting them. Durable: The segments should be stable enough to manage changes in the cost of product offerings (McDonald, 2012). Substantial: The market segments  should be large enough to justify the use of resources for targeting them. Unique Needs: The segments should be able to respond to marketing mix differences to justify separate offerings. By using all these variables, demographic segmentation strategy will be used to segment the target market. It will also cover age, occupation, income, attitude, buying pattern etc. Target Market Because our product will be used with Apple computer, iPad, iPod, and iPhone and is sold in our Apple store, our market can potentially be anyone with an Apple computer, iPod touch or an iPhone. Apple has sold an estimated 33 million total iPhones and 13 million iPod touches, and 14.1 million IPad. This means the market consists potentially of about 60 million Apple. Specifically, we are going after two target markets. The first market will be teenager/college students, ages 16 and above. This market is interested in socializing, music, gaming, recording school notes, and being able to have them at any time. What we can offer them is a device that will be convenient in use and allow quick availability of content for the student. We are providing them the flexibility to have their products and apps available at all time. The other market we are going after is the business peoples. This person is primarily male or female from the age of21-55. This market is interested in being able to transfer their apps, music, or reports from one device to the next. This device allows business people to finish work efficiently and securely on multiple devices. In addition, the businessperson can upload or download material at will. Carrying these small devices make moving data, software and material from one device to next much easier. This product provides the average consumer the resources to move, data, software music, and apps from one product to the next. The reality of the target market is going to be anyone with an apple iPhone or iPod or those who are thinking of getting an apple product. The main audience is going to be teens, young adults, college age, and adults because they are the main audience for the apple products. â€Å"Apple products are also useful to young children and kids. The reason for this is that devices such as iPods and iPads are easy to use due to their touch screen quality, which is good for children. Parents can download learning game apps on Apple devices to teach young children and kids.† This product is can be used to charge two to  four apple products at the same time so it will save ample time in charging products. Emotional and Logical Driver The popularity of our devices link to a device that allow them all to talk and interlink will be quickly becomes a great seller for Apple. We will also target the need for a device that allows business people and student to have accessibility to their data at any location and at any time. Logically, this device will make business and studying much easier. The driving force for this product will be need, available, and convenient. â€Å"Adults are also one of Apple Inc.s target markets. IPhone’s are useful to adults for their everyday needs such as phone calls, map directions, internet connection, documents, and cameras. Carrying these small devices makes adults lives much easier for communicating daily.† Apple products are used by people of all ages for just about anything you can think of from watching a moving to doing business. Many students use their iPhone to do homework (myself included) because it is much easier then carrying around a laptop all day. The tablet i s a common item among students of all ages because it is smaller than a laptop but is capable of doing the same thing a computer can. â€Å"Teenagers are considered one of Apple Inc.s target markets. Teenagers use iPods for many reasons. Some of these reasons are to socialize with friends, listen to music, and go on Facebook, MSN, twitter etc. There are also many gaming apps that appeal to them. IPods have become quite a trend with teenagers† (Apple Inc.’s Target Market). Teenagers live on their apple products, without them they would not know what to do with themselves. Apple has the appeal to the teenage population with all their products. Adults are also one of Apple’s target markets due to the convenience of using it helpful tools such as map direction, internet connection, receiving and sending documents, and the camera. Carrying these small devices makes adults lives much easier for communicating daily.† â€Å"Business People are very intrigued by Apple products. All Apple devices (iPhones, iPads, MacBooks etc.) have a business quality that is very useful. These devices are used to finish work efficiently and to communicate with clients easily. In addition, sending documents is easy and organized† (Apple Inc.’s Target Market). Apple products are used by people of all ages for just about anything you can think of from watching a moving to  doing business. Many students use their iPhone to do homework (myself included) because it is much easier then carrying around a laptop all day. The tablet is a common item among students of all ages because it is smaller than a laptop but is capable of doing the same thing a computer can. Apple has implemented the strategies of push and pull in order to reach their target market. Because of push strategy, the product was placed in front of the consumer. By means of advertising as well as making sure, the customer is mindful of their new product the iFlash, which are a charger on one side and a flash drive on other. However, this approach works extremely well for low price product and drive investment product. There are several ways Apple Inc. can implement the push strategy in order to enhance knowledge of their new product the iFlash. Operating the market to reassure the request of the retailer, promoting the iFlash face-to-face or display area, Apple Inc. can reassure other retailers to stock their product. Although, at times companies must cooperate with retailer to stock an individual product since retailers does not have much space. Nevertheless, want to stock products that will sell, well-organized supply chain allowing retailer supply, packaging design to encourage the purchase, and point of sale displays (Marketing Made Simple.Com). In the meantime push strategy also work best for wholesalers, suppliers inventors and others that by this time has already established a connection with operators. Then there is pull strategy, which Apple Inc. can use to increase demand that encourages customers to pursue an individual product aggressively the iFlash. However, it is intended mainly for the end customers. Nevertheless, a well built and able to be seen brand is required to make certain that the pull strategy is a success. Although, there are many ways a company can apply pull strategy to endorse their brand such as creating advertising strategies that involve the mass media promotion of a product. Customer relationship management that ensures current consumers is mindful of an innovative product that will fill an individual requirement, referral, and sale promotions and discounts. By exercising, those policies drive the demand for the iFlash product. However, because of the demand retailer are pushed to pursue the product as well as to stock on the shelves in their stores. Meanwhile, Apple productively implements the pull strategies to  introduce their products such as iPhone, iPads, iPods and their newest product the iFlash. However, several companies are willing to apply a mixture of push and pull strategies in order to have a productively market product. The strategies that were provided above explain the needs that drive purchase in our current company, which is Apple Inc. It also explains how to encourage retailers to promote its product within their stores. However, it also shows the drive to get customer to purchase iFlash, which is a useful product, it help if your iPhone, iPad, iPod, or Apple laptop has to be charge. For an instant, let us say that one has a meeting and the information that is require located on that hard drive, which can be helpful within that section. However, push and pull strategy help companies to push its product such as place, price, and promote to have a successful product as well as loyal customers. The industry category that Apple falls under would be that of the technological device and applications. This is one of, if not the fastest growing and most competitive industry categories today. Technology is advancing at such a staggering rate that it is often said that once one purchases a new device suc h as an iPhone or iPad it will soon be out of date because the next model will be available in the near future. That should not detour a person from purchasing the product however, just know that if you want the newest and best model you will have to continuously upgrade, which is quickly becoming the norm. This is also in fact how Apple solves the target’s needs, because the reason the advancements and next generation models are developed so rapidly is because both the developers and consumers recognize new options that could be made available or improved. Even when only minimal improvements or new options are recognized, a new model with those options included is developed and distributed virtually always with extremely successful sales. IFlash’s main competition would be Samsung being that they would try to duplicate the same technology as iFlash. Another competitor would be Energizer or any other type of battery maker. However, they would be unsuccessful in the industry because constantly buying batteries to maintain a charge on the devices can be expensive and inconvenient. IFlash would be different from other competitors because while they still struggle with wires bending, breaking  and being lost, the iFlash USB is a portable device that is conveniently stored with a person’s portable device for protection. What makes your organization different from its competition? When it comes to competition, Apple Inc. is truly in its own category. Apple does not just sell devices; it sells online services as well. You have the online Apple store to purchase the latest products, ITunes for media browsing, Safari web browser, and IOS operating system. Apple also has its own retail store that touches 14 countries. This store is not your average retail store, its high tech design and Genius bar to help customer with any technical support. This store also provides presentations and workshops to train the public on new products. Having something so beneficial for the public to utilize definitely sets them apart from its competition. Apple as a company has proven its relevancy in today’s market. Its products are in very high demand, being the largest â€Å"Apple is the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization, with an estimated market capitalization of $446 billion by January 2014† (Apple Inc., 2014). Product, Pricing, and Channels Introduction Apple Inc. incorporated in 1977. Their business model has been design, production, and promotion of personal computers, messaging and communication devices, mobile media, laptops and other portable digital equipment. The company also produces a wide range of associated software applications, secondary merchandise, and services, the most well-known among these: iPhone, IPod, iPad, Mac Book, IOS and OSX systems. Apple recently purchased a seed company from Silicon Valley that focuses on I-Flash Charger. A detailed description of the features of your product or service including how it solves the needs of your target market Apple, Inc. has introduced a new product called the iFlash. It is a portable flash drive combined with a charger, designed for people who need to multi task on a daily basis. Having a flash drive on one end and a charger on the other end, has its simplicity and over all convenience. . The iFlash comes in varies GB of 8, 16, and 32, with its compatibility with all App le products. It also comes with a docking station that it connects to so that it can charge itself. It gives the average person on the go, the luxury of being able to charge your phone  without worrying about finding an outlet to plug it into. This iFlash lets you have the freedom to charge your phone, without being connected to a power source, which is great for this fast-paced generation. The iFlash is also Wi-Fi capable which means that whenever you have Wi-Fi capability you can upload and sync your phone with iTunes and iCloud as well as perform any updates that are needed to any applications or to your operating system. The built in flash drive allows you to save information from your phone to the flash drive if needed or you can use it as a portable flash drive on its own, and save work from a desktop computer or laptop. This new product was created with much thought to make your everyday task that much easier. A description of how marketing efforts will change with each phase in the product life cycle Since a very well established firm such as Apple is introducing the iFlash, it will have a great chance for very successful profit margins. The introduction itself is expected to be very successful as with many other Apple products introduction where in many cases people actually camp out hours, even days before the release. The lines at Apple stores when a new product or new version of a popular is being released are always extremely long but the consumers do not care, or rather, they do not let that stop them from wanting to be one of the first to own the hot new Apple product. That being the case, during the marketing introduction phase of the iFlash’s life cycle the marketing strategy will be to have ads on T.V. during popular shows, as well as in printed publications that appeal to a tech savvy and in that case maybe younger consumer group. During the market growth phase we believe the iFlash will have shown how wonderfully convenient it is and is necessary have. Therefore the product will then be market to a much wider range of a consumer group and ads will be place in other types of publications, and ads on T.V. and radio will be during different times of the day as well as during different programs and on different stations to appeal to that wider demographic. â€Å"In the market growth stage, industry sales grow fast—but industry profits rise and then start falling. The innovator begins to make big profits as more and more customers buy. Nevertheless, competitors see the opportunity and enter the market (Perreault, Cannon, McCarthy, 2014). That being the case we expect there to be copycat products as there usually are so prices will have to be  adjusted accordingly because some customers will not care if the product is of the same quality as the iFlash if it is half the price. During the life cycle phases of market maturity and especially the sales decline phase, we will begin to develop a new generation of the iFlash with new capabilities and perhaps at a better initial market price. The packaging you will use for your product or service and how it will add value When it comes to packaging, it may appear as less important to some customer electronics companies. Meanwhile, Apple impressions on their packaging design are taken very seriously. The way Apple package its iFlash and other products, everyone who has opened an Apple product of any kind know that Apple’s packaging is well designed. It reflects a consideration in which many companies do not take the time distribute. Therefore, packaging for Apple is more than how products are placed securely inside its package. Apple’s packaging always looks clean and simple, and the iFlash packaging will be true for the brand. However, the art of the cover of the box is a small size box for the produ ct, which would be inside. In other word, it would be the perfect marketing message, building expectation and making the product the center of attention. Meanwhile, the only other graphic arts on the package are the Apple logo, and the name of the product would locate in the side of the box. Therefore, with the iFlash, being a flash drive on one side, however, the space on the iFlash runs from 8GB to 32GB, which is good for storing pictures and another source of information. The packaging Apple created for the iFlash is unique and made exactly to fit the iFlash, which is stored safely in its box. The appropriate pricing strategy for your product or service and the price you will set at launch The appropriate pricing strategy that will be used upon initial launch of the iFlash would be premium pricing. â€Å"Premium pricing strategy establishes a price higher than the competitors. It’s a strategy that can be effectively used when there is something unique about the product or when the product is first to market and the business has a distinct competitive advantage† (Richards, 2014). Since the iFlash will be the first to m arket, the competitive advantage would be at 100%. Until competition and knock-offs hit the market Apple can continue to charge premium pricing on the product. The iFlash will be offered at four different price points based upon the USB flash drive memory capability. The 2GB will be launched at $19.99 and will be  available in the same colors that are available for iPhones. The 8GB will be launched at $29.99, 16GB launched at $39.99, and the 32GB iFlash will be launched at $49.99. By offering these products at the available pricing, the consumer will notice that the prices are not that much different, and in some cases cheaper than just purchasing a USB flash drive it, and the iFlash performs an additional function! Even if competition comes into play, the iFlash is reasonably priced for an Apple product, and as with all other Apple products, customers have proven willing to pay for quality over price preference. Since the iFlash will be the only product of its type available as a dual feature product, the hype will be instant and hope that the buzz will remain as people flock to purchase the product. The ability to carry around your data and charge your phone at the same time without being tied to a wall outlet allows an iPhone user to be more on the go than before and have more capability to share information, save information, and transport their information. The ability to take the iFlash anywhere and charge your phone from a portable location is a feature that has not yet been offered from any phone competitor to date. By setting, the pricing amounts at the above points Apple can decide to lower them if needed once competitors enter the market, however, based upon the features and quality of the product Apple believes this is a valid and acceptable pricing strategy, which has been set for initial launch. The channels of distribution you will use to sell your product along with a description of how each channel partner will add value â€Å"Apple’s stores are among the most successful brick-and-mortar shops around, generating more revenue per square foot than any other retailer in the United States, including Tiffany.† (Paczkowski) Apple has over three hundred and seventy two store in the United States but the retail outlets sold 40% of the merchandise from Apple. Apple deals with all the phone outlets plus Best Buy, Wal-Mart, and Amazon. The main revenue the company makes are from the channels distribution centers, Amazon is a big seller because of the Internet availability, and they deliver quickly. The phone centers such as Sprint, Verizon, T-Mobile, ATT, and Best Buy are hands on type of distribution center where you can look at the product in real time make it easy for Apple consumers to buy or look at the Apple product. â€Å"Apple is using two major distribution channels to reach the end-user. Direct distribution: Apple established the retail stores in different regional location; it displays the product and provides the information and support to the end-user directly. Indirect distribution: Apple used the intermediary organization to Fragmenting bulk supplies of inventory, provides the financial services to retailers and Increase ease of customer purchase, beside, Apple minimize the transport costs by monitoring and operating a warehouse close to the intermediaries.† The supply chain for Apple products are a vast majority because Apple knows how and what the consumers want and the suppliers are more than happy to get the product for them. Apple products are a worldwide enterprise and the consumer continues to want more so Apple produces more and supplies the chain. With the Apple Standard being adopted as the Industry standard and Apple becoming the major supplier of digital software to the Consumer Electronics industry Apple is in a unique position to leverage its design and innovation capabilities to make high quality digital products for this market. Apple can then use the differentiation strategy to command premium for its products based on the quality and features. They would then become a niche player in the upper and premium end of the digital products market. Conclusion The Apple iFlash has the potential to change the mobile device market. The method of presentation is going to determine how quickly this will happen. The competition will follow the product through its distribution channels, but this product will lead the market exclusively for a significant period. It is during this time that Apple will focus most on developing and perfect the unique functions of the product. The pricing strategy and distribution phases will extract maximum profitability. In the current world, everything has turned digital. Today, the use of iFlash has influenced considerable factors that have effectively enhanced storage and mobility. This has influenced a great challenge to the upcoming generation because of the new devices and the course outline they cover in their institutions. However, Apple Inc. created a suitable device that can meet all the need of the current generation. In general, the target market of the iFlash is the  current and the upcoming generati on. Research shows that most youths are attracted to Apple products because their brains are intelligent, and they believe that this is the right device. The device can store information and link Apps to multiple devices. In addition, the iFlash has suitable features compared to other storage devices. This iFlash will be widely used because of its speed, compatibility and efficiency compared to other storage devices. Your promotional strategy for your product or service, including how you may use the following; Advertising, Public Relations, Digital Marketing, Sales Promotion, Direct Marketing, Event Marketing, Outdoor The promotional strategy for the iFlash would be what is typical from Apple. Advertising is a key so there would be numerous clever televisions, radio and printed advertisements to inform the public of Apples new product the iFlash. Because of the fact that Apple already has very loyal following the advertisements would primarily focus on bringing new customers over to the Apple line of products but also to inform those that already own Apple products how beneficial it would be to own an iFlash. Public relations would be handled in all Apple store locations as well as all other subcontractors that have agreements to sell Apple products. Obviously, Apple stores would have great promotional deals on the iFlash as well as all other Apple service providers that sell Apple products and services and we would offer promotional discounts all around for the purchase of an iFlash. Apple plan to take full advantage of social media to advertise the great benefits of owning an iFlash and will send digital messages to current customers. That already own an iPhone or iPad so they may see firsthand what a great product the iFlash is. The iFlash will also be marketed at popular events such as sporting events and music concerts to allow the public to see how wonderful a product is and how it could help them. Both save the images and videos that they have taken on their iPhones as well as to insure that they have a full charge to take as many pictures and videos as they want without worrying about storage capacity. As we, all know our hand held devices are fantastic for capturing important or fun times in our lives but often times the capacity is limited  because we have done so many times. without saving our images or videos to an external drive and when another moment that we want to capture occurs our device is unable to because the memory is full or your device has used its charge and not only can you not capture the occasion but you may not be able to call someone in case of an emergency. With an iFlash in your pocket, this will never happen again. The effect professional selling may have on your offering

Cancer Prediction Using Data Mining

Cancer Prediction Using Data Mining Cancer Disease Prediction from Horoscope of a Person Using Data Mining D. JAGADEESWARAN Abstract This paper deals with finding out the possibilities of affliction a person from cancer disease i.e. predicting cancer disease from horoscope of a person using data mining techniques. Horoscope has 12 regions each occupying 300. Each region is called a â€Å"house† that deals with different significations. There are total 9 planets that can occupy any house in a horoscope. According to position of the planets different angular combinations can be formed and these combinations are termed as â€Å"Yoga’s† that are used in predicting features of horoscope. Each house deals with different significations and the same set of combinations obtaining in a particular house might influence the different significations comprehended by the house, in different ways. To be more specific, let us consider the 4th house of a horoscope. It is supposed to signify mother, education, land and house properties. An illiterate person may possess many houses and a long-lived mother while a highly educated person may not possess any properties. This obvious discrepancy has been submissive to some extent by the introduction of a significant factor, viz., the Karaka or indicator. This paper aims at testing new horoscopes finding out different possible angular combinations present in that horoscope and to predict the possibility of cancer disease. This is also an approach to discover out whether Astrology is a scientific study and application of language of the heavenly bodies or not. Index Terms Data Mining, Horoscope reading, Horoscope classification, cancer disease prediction etc. Introduction: Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Cancer is not just one disease but many diseases. There are more than 100 different types of cancer. Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in which they start for example, cancer that begins in the colon is called colon cancer; cancer that begins in melanocytes of the skin is called melanoma.Cancer types can be grouped into broader categories. The main categories of cancer include: Carcinoma cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. There are a number of subtypes of carcinoma, including adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cellcarcinoma. Sarcoma cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue. Leukemia cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood. Lymphoma and myeloma cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system. Central nervous system cancers cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. Not all tumors are cancerous; tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors arent cancerous. They can often be removed, and, in most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors are cancerous. Cells in these tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis. Some cancers do not form tumors. For example, leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood. Cancer is a long term diseases. Thus, it is imperative that the sixth and the eighth house forma relationship with each other. This is because the sixth house determines the disease and the eighth house signifies the diseases that last long. On the other hand, Saturn and Rahu give the indications for the occurrence of diseases that last long. The position of both the houses play a significant role in analyzing the cancer. Cancer is related to Rahu, afflicted Moon, afflicted Jupiter or Saturn and also forms relations with signs including, Aries, Taurus, Cancer, Libra and Capricorn. The native has a risk of suffering from cancer when the Moon is afflicted being the lord of the sixth house or eighth house in its unfavorable dasha. The risk of suffering from cancer is also high when there are many malefic planets in one house, especially Saturn, Rahu and Mars. The native suffers from the cancer of the respective body part that is represented by the afflicted house. Neptune and Uranus facing each other in a horoscope is considered to be a highly inauspicious position. This situation can even be fatal for the native. Afflicted dashaanath in the horoscope can also give serious diseases like cancer. The dashas that come after the dasha in which the native suffers from Cancer is also analyzed. If these dashas are auspicious, or of favourable planets, or yogakaraka planets, then the disease can be diagnosed in the initial stage only and can be easily treated. Navansh kundli, shahtiyansh kundli and ashtamansha kundli should also be analyzed before reaching to any conclusion. Rahu is considered to the karaka of cancer. However, Mars and Saturn can also give this diseases. Jupiter is considered to be lord of growth and cancer takes place with the growth of dead cells in the body. The risk of cancer is also high when the the lord of the eighth or sixth house is afflicted. Rules for cancer disese: Conjunction of Sat with moon or venus. Saturn and mars aspect or vice versa Malefic lord of 6th in ,6th,8th 10th or 12th. Lord of 6th in 6th ,8th 1oth and 12th. Jupiters aspect on waning moon . Moon and venus aspect on each other. Aspect of saturn on moon or venus. Venus or moon in Rahu ,ketu axis aspected by saturn ,mars or jupiter. I found that venus played a significant role in most charts. Maha dasha or antar of Rahu . Yogas for Cancer Disease When Mars, Moon and the lord of the sixth house conjuncts each other in a horoscope along with Sun, then the person has a risk of getting cancer disease. If Moon and Saturn are in the sixth house of the horoscope, then the person can get Cancer after the age of 55. Conjunction of Jupiter, Saturn and Ketu can become the cause of Cancer. Afflicted Mars and relation of Ashlesha Nakshatra with the ascendant and the sixth house can also result in Cancer. According to Dr. B.V Raman , the risk of Cancer is high when the lord of the sixth house being a malefic is situated in the ascendant, eighth, or tenth house of the horoscope. Saturn in the afflicted state situated in the nakshatra of Rahu can also cause Cancer. When Saturn and Mars conjuncts in the sixth house in Addra or Swati nakshatra. Planets Cancer causing areas in body Planet Body Part to be effected by Cancer Sun Head (Brain), Heart, Stomach, Blood Moon Bone Marrow, Breasts, Lungs, Heart Mars Blood, Bone marrow, Reproductive organs, Uterus, Neck and Rectum Mercury Nose, Mouth, Umbilicous Jupiter Ears, Liver, Thighs, Brain Venus Troat, Reproductive organs Saturn Hands, Feet, Legs, Gums Ketu Head, Neck, Blood, Back/Spine Houses Cancer causing areas in body Malefic Planet influencing House Body Part to be effected by Cancer 1st House Brain, Head 2nd House Mouth 3rd House Throat, Neck 4th House Chest, Breasts, Lungs, Back 5th House Stomach, Blood, Bone Marrow 6th House Liver, Cancers, Pancreas 7th House Reproductive organs 8th House Rectum, Piles, Spine 9th House Thighs 10th House Knees 11th House Legs 12th House Feet In general, Saturn is always linked with all diseases (especially chronic and long term) and if cancer causing planet is in anyway associated (conjunct, aspect, in constellation, in sign) with saturn, then cancer will take long time to cure.Also if either Saturn or cancer causing planet are Retrograde in birth chart, the disease takes longer time to get cured. Saturn and Rahu influencing second house (by placement or aspect) are main reason for tobacco chewing and smoking habits. A person with these aspects should be careful and try to quit tobacco as it can lead to mouth, throat and lung cancer. General horoscope structure for diseases: HOROSCOPE CHART Is the one in which the order of the houses is fixed. It consists of four central rhomboidal houses (which are numbered 1, 4,7 and 10, starting from the upper central rhomboid) and eight triangular houses. The sign rising at the time of birth is marked in the first house or the upper central rhomboid, and the remaining signs marked in regular order in an anti-clockwise direction. CREATING A DATABASE FROM ABOVE HOROSCOPE Every horoscope contains 9 planets, 12 different signs 12 different houses. Depending on the placement of all these different angular combinations are formed. A horoscope can be identified by 11 attributes viz. Ascendant sign signs of 9 Planets. An 11th attribute may be added to represent whether the person will suffer from cancer disease or not. TABLE STRUCTURE The table structure has 11 attributes. That means sun, moon, mars, mercury, Jupiter, venus, Saturn, rajku, kethu, ascendant and cancer disease. That is represented as: Attribute Constraints Datatype Ascendent Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Rahu Ketu Cancer disease Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Varchar Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number YES/NO The values are inserted in the database as, Ascendent Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Rahu Ketu CancerDisease 2 4 4 3 4 7 4 4 2 8 NO The database can be created for many such horoscopes.This database will serve as the training set in predicting the newer dataset. The training set will contain many horoscopes (For testing, I used 2000 sample horoscope that definitely suffer from Cancer Disease 2000 sample horoscopes that do not suffer from Cancer Disease) is given as input to the classifying algorithm in WEKA. INTERFACING WEKA WITH HOROSCOPE Fig: Applying Horoscope to the WEKA WEKA (WAIKATO ENVIRONMENT FOR KNOWLEDGE ANALYSIS) WEKA is a collection of machine learning algorithms for data mining tasks. The algorithms can either be applied directly to a dataset or called from your own Java code. WEKA contains tools for data pre-processing, classification, regression, clustering, association rules, and visualization. It is also well suited for developing new machine learning schemes. A database created above can be given as input to the WEKA algorithm such as Neural Networks, Lazy, Decision Table etc. a model can be built up from this input. This model is then used in predicting the nature of new horoscope. RESULTS S.No Training Set Size Algorithm Accuracy (%) 1 2 3 4 6000 6000 6000 6000 DecisionTable MultilayerPerceptron J48 LWL 85 93 75 88 CONCLUSION Predicting cancer disease from horoscope of a person is successfully found using data mining techniques. References: International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 7, July 2012 ISSN 2250-3153 Data Mining: A Knowledge Discovery Approach, K. Cios, W. Pedrycz, R.Swiniarski, L. Kurgan, Springer, ISBN: 978-0-387-33333-5, 2007. Data Mining: Concepts, Models, Methods, and Algorithms, Mehmed Kantardzic, ISBN: 0471228524, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2002. Ian Witten and Eibe Frank, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, 2nd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann, ISBN 0120884070,2005. WEKA manual.

Prototype Modeling of Smart Grid Technology at Ciit Lahore

Prototype Modeling of Smart Grid Technology at Ciit Lahore CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SMART GRID 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Definition: The smart grid system is vast collection of technologies to provide an electricity network having the ability to solve the major issues related to reliability, cost effectiveness of electric power and decentralization or grid dependency The smart grid technology using renewable energy sources transferred electricity towards user side with the concept of integration of renewable energy sources. 1.1.2 Why Smart Grid Technology Adopted The demand of electricity is increased so much by the passage of time, which creates some major problems related to conventional electricity network. By 2020 energy demand will be doubled from the present demand [1]. Smart grid is the result of such efforts which are performed to make availability of electricity more reliable, economical and user friendly with the concept of decentralized network due to two way communication of electricity through network[2]. The Architectural model of a 21st century power system that interconnects everyone to affordable, abundant, clean, reliable, and efficient electricity anytime, anywhere. The purpose of Smart Grid is also to integrate several renewable resources with our national Grid and enhances the efficiency; reliability and thus providing a hassle free Transmission of electric power. It also contributes to reduce carbon emissions and providing a pollution free environment. 1.2 Back Ground 1.2.1 The European Development in the Area of Smart Grid In the next three decades European member state will expend about 750 billion in power infrastructure. This amount will expend on generation and networks. The European Technology plate form was developed in 2005 to solve the problems of Network Owners, operators and users[3]. 1.2.2 Smart Grid Development in USA In USA the Smart grid developments initiated during first Bush Administration[4]. In 2002 a DOE study describes the hundred of million of Dollar spent In US power systems on transmission practices and results a proposal of construction of transformed national electricity grid upto2030 providing the best and secure transmission of electricity[5]. 1.2.3 Smart Grid Development in Australia Under the Energy Transformed Flagship the Intelligent Grid Program was launched on 19 Aug, 2008. This Program researched in the fields of Control methodologies and economic modeling for distributed generation, Social impact of Intelligent grid, New housing developments and micro grids[6]. 1.3 Design Description 1.3.1 Features of Smart Grid The most important features of Smart Grid Technology are: Integration of Renewable Sources Battery Storage option Provide electric power to both AC and DC loads Advance Monitoring 1.3.2 Proposed Methodology Above figure shows prototype modeling of smart grid system at micro level along with the integration of several renewable energy resources such as small wind plant and solar panels. The charge controllers are special devices used for the purpose to control the abrupt change in voltage and stop the reverse flow of current towards PV or wind turbine systems, and also control the charging and discharging of batteries. An integrator is also one of the most important components of our project. The function of this device to integrate powers from both energy sources in a way that during operating time of the sources loads will directly get power from these sources and at night or the time when these sources are not operating loads are facilitated through battery banks. 1.4 Advantages of Smart Grid A. Motivates and Includes the Consumer Smart Grid is a end user device it motivates the consumer to generate a free source of electricity and to utilize it in household appliances when electricity from Grid is not available. B. Provides Power Quality for 21st Century Needs It provides power free of disturbance, sags, interruptions and spikes. C. Markets Opportunities Smart grid supports energy markets that encourage both investment and innovation. D. Operates Efficiently and Optimizes Assets Smart grid is easy to install infrastructure, transmit more power through existing systems and optimizes easily with present grid. E. Reduction in cost of power infrastructure When renewable energy sources are infused into the power grid, end-use demands can be adjusted to available power supplies. The ability to manage and reduce peak demands demolishes the need for costly peaking and â€Å"just-in-case† power infrastructure. F. Reduced use of polluting plants Some existing powerplants are not environment friendly which is adversely affecting the environment around us. Smart grid can produce pollution free generation of electricity. G. Clean power market During serious air pollution alerts, power plants and heavy industries sometimes shut down. Smart Grid ensures you clean power options. H. Energy storage Smart Grid is also equipped with battery backup options which not only stores energy also used as grid shock absorbers as well. I. Integrate able with Energy Resources and Storage Options The system also enables plug-and-play interconnection to multiple energy resources and storage devices (e.g. solar, wind, battery storage, etc.) 1.5 Brief Introduction to chapters Chapter 2 This chapter is a survey report about renewable energy sources. Also wind and solar characteristics of Pakistan are given in this chapter. Supply and Demand gap also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 3 This chapter is about PV system. Complete introduction and types of PV system are discussed also given here the architecture model of PV system with design description. And the experimental values also mentioned in this chapter. Chapter 4 This chapter defines the wind turbine specifications. Chapter starts from introduction then history discussed and after that design description is completely described. The experimental values also given in this chapter with advantages and drawbacks of wind turbine technology. Chapter 5 This chapter covers the remaining portion of smart grid technology. First of all integrator is discussed with design after that charge controller and power inverters also discussed with there design and circuitry. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY Contents: World Wide Survey of Renewable Energy Demand Supply Gap in Pakistan Depletion in Oil and Gas Energy Sources in Pakistan Wind Energy Solar Energy 2.1 World Wide Survey of Renewable Energy Renewable energy has an essential contribution in world energy generation. So many projects are under consideration regarding to renewable energy. 2.1.1 Global Status Report This report describes the market condition, investment and targets as well as policies. The report doesnt describe analysis or conclusions, though it reveals some extra ordinary facts regarding the renewable energy . By the end of 2005 only 45 countries were included in the achievement of renewable energy targets which are increased up to 76 in 2009. According to this report last year was the best era for renewable energy. Capacity in developing countries grew to 119GW, or 43% of the total. Including Pakistan and magnolia less or more than 8-0 countries has started plantation of wind power plants at commercial measures[7]. Some achievements of the year 2008 are: In just 1 year the capacity of solar photovoltaic plants tripled to 3 GW from 200 KW. Wind power by 29% and solar hot water increased by 15%. Grid connected photovoltaic systems increased up to 13GW, wind energy grew up to 250%, 121GW and total power generation capacity from renewable energy boost up to 75%. Spain becomes the super power in the field of grid connected PV systems with inclusion of 2.6GW. Germany also takes some handy steps and added 1,5GW in their system. Some other developed countries also provide large contributions like USA(3ooMW), Italy ( 300MW) , South Korea ( 270MW) and Japan (240MW) respectively . in total 16GW is the generation of solar including off-grid by 2009 worldwide. Table2.1 Energy Added and Exists in 2009-2010 2.2 Demand Supply gap in Pakistan If we give a look at demand supply graph then we will come to know that the difference between demand and supply is becoming wider and wider by the passage of time .the scenario in 3rd world countries is totally discriminated e.g. Pakistan. Needs are increasing exponentially but we are desperately lacking in finding out a good solution. if we have an eye view we may find 3 reasons of demand supply gap. Increase in prices of oil and gas , increase in population and increase in cost of energy . 2.2.1 Energy Demand With the increase in population energy requirements are also increasing. All the industry and the production of our daily need in dependent upon electricity . 2.2.2 Energy Supply Current eras total production of energy does not meet the current requirement of energy , though the end results are critical in the sense of increase in demand supply gap . Serious steps are needed to be 2.2.3 Energy cost If we have eye view on last few decades we will come to see the highlighted reduction in the reserves of oil and natural gas, which causes the increase in the cost of per unit production of electricity. This is also the reason of widening the demand supply gap. 2.2.4 Sustainability level The systems which are to be used for the generation of electricity must be stable, but unfortunately we have not surety of sustainability level of present system and the graph is gradually decreasing according to our present and future demands . This decrease in sustainability may overcome by using alternative techniques. 2.3 Depletion in oil and gas A large amount of electricity is being produced by fossil fuels and the present value of electricity generated by fossil fuels is increasing. According to the European energy commission and International energy the present reservoirs of oil and gas are not sufficient enough to meet the future requirements. so as the result after 10-12 years we have the depletion in the percentage of Oil using for the generation of electricity as shown in fig 2.2. As from the above it is obvious that from 1930 to one word till 2010 there is continuous growth in both oil and gas reserves but after 2010 there is deep declined. If the above graph follows the same pattern there is near future we will be totally dependent upon alternates of energy generation. 2.4 ENERGY SOURCES IN PAKISTAN The primary energy supplies today are not enough to meet even the present demand. More, a very large part of rural area does not have the electricity facilities because they are too expensive to be connected to the national grid. So, Pakistan like other developing countries in the region is facing a severe challenge in energy deficit. The development of renewable energy sources can play an important role in meeting such challenge. If we see around yourself Pakistan best suits for Solar (PV, thermal), water, wind and Wastes. These are the best renewable sources and Pakistan doesnt lack these. Pakistan can b benefited from these as substitute energy in areas where these renewable sources exist. Renewable energy Fossil fuels Nuclear power 2.4.1 Renewable energy It is energy which is produced by natural sources such as wind rain solar and geothermal heat. 2.4.1.1 Types of renewable Energy Wind Biomass Solar Wave and tidal Geothermal These all sources are best placed in Pakistan and we are not lacking in any at all , thus we can produce great amount of energy using these renewable sources , Capturing renewable energy by animals , plants and humans does not permanently deplete the resource. Fossil fuels are renewable but on a very long time-scale, are exploited at rates that may deplete these resources in the near future. 2.4.2 Fossil Fuels It includes natural gas, oil and coal . fossil fuels are lacking in Pakistan as well the world therefore renewable sources are needed to meet th essential needs 2.5 Wind Energy Wind energy is one of the best of renewable sources and probably suits Pakistan atmosphere at peak. As our project is related to wind energy as well. In Pakistan wind energy projects are working under the Pakistan Meteorological Dept with the financial collaboration of Ministry of Science and Technology which are accomplishing many such projects in Pakistan. About 3% of the total Pakistans land area is termed as good to excellent for utility scale production of electricity. Fig2.3. shows the variations of wind speeds in different areas of Pakistan Average wind speed in Lahore is 3m/s as shown in Fig.2.4 . Therefore for the prototype smart Grid system, average wind speed must exceeds the theoretical values as given in[10]. 2.6 Solar energy Its one of the types of renewable energies, as in our project we are working on solar energy, in photovoltaic system solar cells covert sun radiation to DC electricity. The provinces of Sindh , Punjab and Baluchistan and the Thar desert are specially suited for the utilization of solar energy. The solar statistics in Pakistan is highly favourable for energy generation. According to Fig2.5. the South western province offers perfect condition for utilization of solar energy. Since Pakistan locates near the equator so it has relatively high UV index as compared to other regions of the World. The solar characteristics graph in the Lahore region is shown in Fig. 2.6. Lahore city also offers suitable condition for harnessing solar energy The average sunlight hours lies between 7 to 8 hours per day which is approximately 2700 hours per annually. Graph in Fig. 3 shows the UV index of Lahore during a day time in the month of April. Usually the radiation intensity has its maximum value at noon .And value of solar radiation reaches its maximum value during the mid of summers. Chapter No 3 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM Contents: Introduction to solar panels History of PV system Photovoltaic Cell Architecture Implementation of PV system Battery 3.1 Introduction: Solar cell or photovoltaic cell is the device use to convert sunlight into electricity. It works on the basic principle of photovoltaic effect. 3.1.1 Photovoltaic effect When the photons of light falls on the semiconductor material. The photons try to knockout the electrons from the conduction bands. As the energy gap between valence and conduction band increases and when a sufficient amount of energy is projected by the light photons .the electrons knocked out from their respective atom and started to move freely. These free electrons moves towards n-side and holes created due to the deficiency of electrons in this region moves towards p-side to recombine themselves .This difference of potential allows the flow of current. The PV cell absorbs incoming light photons in p-type. This p-type layer should be synchronized in such a way that it can absorb as many as photons possible and set free as many as electrons possible, to make a radiant flow of current. In order to make and efficient flow solar cell , the surface of the cell should be kept rough to maximize the absorption of photons while reflection should be minimized in this way maximum conduction can be achieved 3.2 History The photovoltaic cell was developed in 1954 at Bell Laboratories. The first highly efficient solar cell was developed by Daryl Chapin, Calvin Souther Fuller and Gerald Pearson in year 1954 using a diffused silicon p-n junction. Firstly, cells were developed for toys and other minor uses, as the cost of their production was very high. Design of solar cells is improved day by day to utilize it for more applications. The applications for that solar panels are used are different and there are three levels of generation 3.2.1 First Generation: First generation cells are single junction devices and they have large area also having high quality with reduction in production cost 3.2.2 Second Generation: These materials are developed to address energy requirements and production cost. They reduce high temperature processing as vapour deposition, electroplating and Ultrasonic nozzles. 3.2.3 Third Generation: The aimof these technologies is to improve poor electrical performance of second generation technologies with low production cost. 3.3 Photovoltaic cell architecture A PV module consists of a silicon cell .These cell are connected in series or parallel manner in order to produce desired voltage and current .Inside a PV cell a circuit is present that is sealed from the envoi metal protective lamination .A PV panel consists of one or more modules joined together. Finally these panels are combined to make a single PV array which is a complete electricity producing unit. The performance of a PV array or its modules is rated by its maximum throughput power under S.T.C (Standard Test Condition).STC is defined as when a PV modulecell is operated under 25  °C (77F), with an incident solar irradiation of 1000 W/m2 with the spectral distribution of 1.5 air mass. These are the perfect condition for a PV module to operate in , but in actual the performance of a PV module is almost 80 to 90 percent of its STC rating. The operating lifetime of a PV module is between 20 to 30 years .Most of the manufactures offers warranty of 20 or more years of its DC output power to a sustainable amount .PV modules are also lice censed under (UL) qualification test for its reliability checks. 3.3.1 Types of Solar Cell Now a days there are various types of cell materials are developed. Multi junction PV cells are made in order to increase the cell efficiency while decreasing its volume and weight. But they are far more expensive then an ordinary silicon cells. The maximum efficiency of a PV cell is achieved almost to 30 percent by doping different intrinsic material together .Example of the exotic materials are Gallium arsenide and Indium serenade etc. However silicon cells are the most common and widely used PV cells. There are three major types of Silicon cell: Amorphous silicon solar Cell or Thin Film Cell Mono-crystalline Wafers Poly crystalline Cell Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Amorphous technology is often seen in small devices, such as those in garden lamps or calculators, although amorphous panels are also increasingly used in other larger applications. They are formed by depositing a thin film of silicon onto a sheet of different material such as steel. The panel formed as one piece and each cell is not as visible as in other types. Efficiency of an amorphous solar cell is between 6 and 8%. The Lifetime of an amorphous cell is however shorter than that of crystalline cell. Amorphous cells have current density of about 15 mA/cm2,and the voltage of the cell without any connected load is 0.8 V, which is more as compared to crystalline cells. The efficiency of amorphous solar panels is low as those made from individual solar cells, although improvement has been made over recent years to a point where they can be use as a practical alternative to panels made with crystalline cells. Crystalline silicon solar cell The maximum efficiency of silicon solar cell is around 23 %, by adding some other semi-conductor materials it can increase up to 30 %, it depends on wavelength and semiconductor material being used. Crystalline solar cells are made up of wafers like stuff, which has about 0.3 mm thick and diameter of 10 to 15 cm. They can generate approximately 35 mA of current per cm2 of area at voltage of about 550 mV at full illumination. Crystalline solar cells can be wired in series or parallel to produce a solar panel. As each cell produces a voltage of between 0.5 and 0.6 Volts, 36 cells equipped in series are needed to produce an open-circuit voltage of about 20 Volts. This is enough to charge a 12 Volt battery under certain conditions. Although the efficiency of mono-crystalline cells is slightly higher as compared to that of a polycrystalline cells, but there are some practical difference in their performance. Crystalline cells have longer lifetime than that of amorphous solar cells. In our project we have used crystalline silicon cell because they are more efficient yet lesser in volume as compared to other types of solar cell, easily available in market and it is more economical. Polycrystalline Cell Polycrystalline silicon, also called poly silicon , consists of small silicon crystals of Polycrystalline cells which can be recognized by a visible grain, a â€Å"metal flake effect†. Semiconductor grade (solar grade) polycrystalline silicon then form to single crystal silicon, that is randomly associated crystallites of silicon in polycrystalline silicon are converted to a large single crystal[11]. Single crystal silicon is used in manufacture most of Si-based microelectronic devices. Polycrystalline silicon can be available up to 99.9999% pure. 3.4 Implementation of PV system: 3.4.1 Types of PV system There are three types of PV system being implemented around the world depending upon its function and integration with other energy resources. Standalone PV system Grid Connected PV system Hybrid Systems Stand alone PV system This type of system is usually present in our wrist watches, calculators and in space crafts also. These are dependent totally on its self generated power through solar panels and are directly used by DC loads or AC loads through inverter. In some system battery bank is also available to store the unused power to facilitate loads during night or under low light conditions. Further more a charge controller is also required in order to avoid battery from over charging and deep discharging. An inverter is also employed to provide power to AC loads. Grid Connected PV system In grid connected type the PV module has also backed up with WAPDA line or Grid connection. In this way if load is not getting enough power from the PV module or its battery, it will switch to the WAPDA line. This type of system is most commonly used around the World. Its applications are found mostly in small industries and homes. Hybrid System In this type the PV system is also integrated with two or more type of energy resources which may or may not be renewable resources .For example a wind turbine, steam engine or a small hydro plant etc. Other energy sources can also be integrated depending upon climate, geographical location of the place and several other perspectives. These systems are more appropriate for remote applications such as military installation, communication stations and rural villages. 3.4.2 Design Methodology Our project is based on a Hybrid System Consisting of a PV module and a windmill as two renewable energy resources, we have chosen these sources keeping in mind the climate and terrain of Lahore. 3.4.2.1 Components of Photovoltaic system: Solar cell Panel Inverter Charge Controller Batteries Integrator The major component of our system is the integrator .The function of this device is to integrate powers from both energy sources in a way that during operating time of the sources loads will directly get power from these sources and at night or the time when these sources are not operating loads are facilitated through battery banks. A controller is placed in the integrator circuit that is continuously monitoring the voltage level being provided by the sources. If the load can operate single handed by either of the sources the rely will build its connection from load with that source while the energy generated by the second source is being stored in the batteries .If both sources are required to derive a certain load rely opens up its connection of both sources with the load. When both sources are not providing a sufficient amount of power to the loads the controller will check whether batteries could provide sufficient amount of voltage so, it will start delivering power to load from the battery bank otherwise an LED blinks indicating that system cannot provide sufficient amount of power and will shutdown eventually. 3.4.2.2 Solar Panel Characteristics Table 3.1. Solar Panel Characteristics 3.4.2.3 Experimental Values This table shows the experimental results of output voltage and output current with respect to different timings and temperature variations in a day. Table 3.2. Solar Panel Throughput 3.4.2.4 Factors Affecting Output Power STC(Standard Test Condition) The electricity produce by solar cell is in DC, the DC output of solar panel is Tested under the STC that is Cell Temperature= 25 °C Solar Radiation Intensity= 1000 W/m2.. Air Mass= 1.5 These are the standard test condition at which Solar cell gives its Maximum Efficiency, in other conditions there is almost 10 to 15 percent of decrease in the efficiency of cell with respect to its STC rating. Temperature Output power of the solar cell is inversely proportion to the increase in temperature of the cell. For a crystalline module , a typical temperature reduction factor proposed by CEC is 89 percent which means †95 watts† module will typically provide 85 Watts (95watts*0.89=85watts) under sunlight conditions during summer seasons. Mismatch and wiring Losses The performance of the system can be affected due to mismatch of module connections. The loss in power also depends upon the increase in length of wire between source and load. As the distance between source and load increases losses also increases. Therefore the distance should be kept minimal to get maximum power throughput. DC To AC conversion Losses Since our system Prototype Modeling of Smart Grid Technology at Ciit Lahore Prototype Modeling of Smart Grid Technology at Ciit Lahore CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO SMART GRID 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Definition: The smart grid system is vast collection of technologies to provide an electricity network having the ability to solve the major issues related to reliability, cost effectiveness of electric power and decentralization or grid dependency The smart grid technology using renewable energy sources transferred electricity towards user side with the concept of integration of renewable energy sources. 1.1.2 Why Smart Grid Technology Adopted The demand of electricity is increased so much by the passage of time, which creates some major problems related to conventional electricity network. By 2020 energy demand will be doubled from the present demand [1]. Smart grid is the result of such efforts which are performed to make availability of electricity more reliable, economical and user friendly with the concept of decentralized network due to two way communication of electricity through network[2]. The Architectural model of a 21st century power system that interconnects everyone to affordable, abundant, clean, reliable, and efficient electricity anytime, anywhere. The purpose of Smart Grid is also to integrate several renewable resources with our national Grid and enhances the efficiency; reliability and thus providing a hassle free Transmission of electric power. It also contributes to reduce carbon emissions and providing a pollution free environment. 1.2 Back Ground 1.2.1 The European Development in the Area of Smart Grid In the next three decades European member state will expend about 750 billion in power infrastructure. This amount will expend on generation and networks. The European Technology plate form was developed in 2005 to solve the problems of Network Owners, operators and users[3]. 1.2.2 Smart Grid Development in USA In USA the Smart grid developments initiated during first Bush Administration[4]. In 2002 a DOE study describes the hundred of million of Dollar spent In US power systems on transmission practices and results a proposal of construction of transformed national electricity grid upto2030 providing the best and secure transmission of electricity[5]. 1.2.3 Smart Grid Development in Australia Under the Energy Transformed Flagship the Intelligent Grid Program was launched on 19 Aug, 2008. This Program researched in the fields of Control methodologies and economic modeling for distributed generation, Social impact of Intelligent grid, New housing developments and micro grids[6]. 1.3 Design Description 1.3.1 Features of Smart Grid The most important features of Smart Grid Technology are: Integration of Renewable Sources Battery Storage option Provide electric power to both AC and DC loads Advance Monitoring 1.3.2 Proposed Methodology Above figure shows prototype modeling of smart grid system at micro level along with the integration of several renewable energy resources such as small wind plant and solar panels. The charge controllers are special devices used for the purpose to control the abrupt change in voltage and stop the reverse flow of current towards PV or wind turbine systems, and also control the charging and discharging of batteries. An integrator is also one of the most important components of our project. The function of this device to integrate powers from both energy sources in a way that during operating time of the sources loads will directly get power from these sources and at night or the time when these sources are not operating loads are facilitated through battery banks. 1.4 Advantages of Smart Grid A. Motivates and Includes the Consumer Smart Grid is a end user device it motivates the consumer to generate a free source of electricity and to utilize it in household appliances when electricity from Grid is not available. B. Provides Power Quality for 21st Century Needs It provides power free of disturbance, sags, interruptions and spikes. C. Markets Opportunities Smart grid supports energy markets that encourage both investment and innovation. D. Operates Efficiently and Optimizes Assets Smart grid is easy to install infrastructure, transmit more power through existing systems and optimizes easily with present grid. E. Reduction in cost of power infrastructure When renewable energy sources are infused into the power grid, end-use demands can be adjusted to available power supplies. The ability to manage and reduce peak demands demolishes the need for costly peaking and â€Å"just-in-case† power infrastructure. F. Reduced use of polluting plants Some existing powerplants are not environment friendly which is adversely affecting the environment around us. Smart grid can produce pollution free generation of electricity. G. Clean power market During serious air pollution alerts, power plants and heavy industries sometimes shut down. Smart Grid ensures you clean power options. H. Energy storage Smart Grid is also equipped with battery backup options which not only stores energy also used as grid shock absorbers as well. I. Integrate able with Energy Resources and Storage Options The system also enables plug-and-play interconnection to multiple energy resources and storage devices (e.g. solar, wind, battery storage, etc.) 1.5 Brief Introduction to chapters Chapter 2 This chapter is a survey report about renewable energy sources. Also wind and solar characteristics of Pakistan are given in this chapter. Supply and Demand gap also discussed in this chapter. Chapter 3 This chapter is about PV system. Complete introduction and types of PV system are discussed also given here the architecture model of PV system with design description. And the experimental values also mentioned in this chapter. Chapter 4 This chapter defines the wind turbine specifications. Chapter starts from introduction then history discussed and after that design description is completely described. The experimental values also given in this chapter with advantages and drawbacks of wind turbine technology. Chapter 5 This chapter covers the remaining portion of smart grid technology. First of all integrator is discussed with design after that charge controller and power inverters also discussed with there design and circuitry. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY Contents: World Wide Survey of Renewable Energy Demand Supply Gap in Pakistan Depletion in Oil and Gas Energy Sources in Pakistan Wind Energy Solar Energy 2.1 World Wide Survey of Renewable Energy Renewable energy has an essential contribution in world energy generation. So many projects are under consideration regarding to renewable energy. 2.1.1 Global Status Report This report describes the market condition, investment and targets as well as policies. The report doesnt describe analysis or conclusions, though it reveals some extra ordinary facts regarding the renewable energy . By the end of 2005 only 45 countries were included in the achievement of renewable energy targets which are increased up to 76 in 2009. According to this report last year was the best era for renewable energy. Capacity in developing countries grew to 119GW, or 43% of the total. Including Pakistan and magnolia less or more than 8-0 countries has started plantation of wind power plants at commercial measures[7]. Some achievements of the year 2008 are: In just 1 year the capacity of solar photovoltaic plants tripled to 3 GW from 200 KW. Wind power by 29% and solar hot water increased by 15%. Grid connected photovoltaic systems increased up to 13GW, wind energy grew up to 250%, 121GW and total power generation capacity from renewable energy boost up to 75%. Spain becomes the super power in the field of grid connected PV systems with inclusion of 2.6GW. Germany also takes some handy steps and added 1,5GW in their system. Some other developed countries also provide large contributions like USA(3ooMW), Italy ( 300MW) , South Korea ( 270MW) and Japan (240MW) respectively . in total 16GW is the generation of solar including off-grid by 2009 worldwide. Table2.1 Energy Added and Exists in 2009-2010 2.2 Demand Supply gap in Pakistan If we give a look at demand supply graph then we will come to know that the difference between demand and supply is becoming wider and wider by the passage of time .the scenario in 3rd world countries is totally discriminated e.g. Pakistan. Needs are increasing exponentially but we are desperately lacking in finding out a good solution. if we have an eye view we may find 3 reasons of demand supply gap. Increase in prices of oil and gas , increase in population and increase in cost of energy . 2.2.1 Energy Demand With the increase in population energy requirements are also increasing. All the industry and the production of our daily need in dependent upon electricity . 2.2.2 Energy Supply Current eras total production of energy does not meet the current requirement of energy , though the end results are critical in the sense of increase in demand supply gap . Serious steps are needed to be 2.2.3 Energy cost If we have eye view on last few decades we will come to see the highlighted reduction in the reserves of oil and natural gas, which causes the increase in the cost of per unit production of electricity. This is also the reason of widening the demand supply gap. 2.2.4 Sustainability level The systems which are to be used for the generation of electricity must be stable, but unfortunately we have not surety of sustainability level of present system and the graph is gradually decreasing according to our present and future demands . This decrease in sustainability may overcome by using alternative techniques. 2.3 Depletion in oil and gas A large amount of electricity is being produced by fossil fuels and the present value of electricity generated by fossil fuels is increasing. According to the European energy commission and International energy the present reservoirs of oil and gas are not sufficient enough to meet the future requirements. so as the result after 10-12 years we have the depletion in the percentage of Oil using for the generation of electricity as shown in fig 2.2. As from the above it is obvious that from 1930 to one word till 2010 there is continuous growth in both oil and gas reserves but after 2010 there is deep declined. If the above graph follows the same pattern there is near future we will be totally dependent upon alternates of energy generation. 2.4 ENERGY SOURCES IN PAKISTAN The primary energy supplies today are not enough to meet even the present demand. More, a very large part of rural area does not have the electricity facilities because they are too expensive to be connected to the national grid. So, Pakistan like other developing countries in the region is facing a severe challenge in energy deficit. The development of renewable energy sources can play an important role in meeting such challenge. If we see around yourself Pakistan best suits for Solar (PV, thermal), water, wind and Wastes. These are the best renewable sources and Pakistan doesnt lack these. Pakistan can b benefited from these as substitute energy in areas where these renewable sources exist. Renewable energy Fossil fuels Nuclear power 2.4.1 Renewable energy It is energy which is produced by natural sources such as wind rain solar and geothermal heat. 2.4.1.1 Types of renewable Energy Wind Biomass Solar Wave and tidal Geothermal These all sources are best placed in Pakistan and we are not lacking in any at all , thus we can produce great amount of energy using these renewable sources , Capturing renewable energy by animals , plants and humans does not permanently deplete the resource. Fossil fuels are renewable but on a very long time-scale, are exploited at rates that may deplete these resources in the near future. 2.4.2 Fossil Fuels It includes natural gas, oil and coal . fossil fuels are lacking in Pakistan as well the world therefore renewable sources are needed to meet th essential needs 2.5 Wind Energy Wind energy is one of the best of renewable sources and probably suits Pakistan atmosphere at peak. As our project is related to wind energy as well. In Pakistan wind energy projects are working under the Pakistan Meteorological Dept with the financial collaboration of Ministry of Science and Technology which are accomplishing many such projects in Pakistan. About 3% of the total Pakistans land area is termed as good to excellent for utility scale production of electricity. Fig2.3. shows the variations of wind speeds in different areas of Pakistan Average wind speed in Lahore is 3m/s as shown in Fig.2.4 . Therefore for the prototype smart Grid system, average wind speed must exceeds the theoretical values as given in[10]. 2.6 Solar energy Its one of the types of renewable energies, as in our project we are working on solar energy, in photovoltaic system solar cells covert sun radiation to DC electricity. The provinces of Sindh , Punjab and Baluchistan and the Thar desert are specially suited for the utilization of solar energy. The solar statistics in Pakistan is highly favourable for energy generation. According to Fig2.5. the South western province offers perfect condition for utilization of solar energy. Since Pakistan locates near the equator so it has relatively high UV index as compared to other regions of the World. The solar characteristics graph in the Lahore region is shown in Fig. 2.6. Lahore city also offers suitable condition for harnessing solar energy The average sunlight hours lies between 7 to 8 hours per day which is approximately 2700 hours per annually. Graph in Fig. 3 shows the UV index of Lahore during a day time in the month of April. Usually the radiation intensity has its maximum value at noon .And value of solar radiation reaches its maximum value during the mid of summers. Chapter No 3 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM Contents: Introduction to solar panels History of PV system Photovoltaic Cell Architecture Implementation of PV system Battery 3.1 Introduction: Solar cell or photovoltaic cell is the device use to convert sunlight into electricity. It works on the basic principle of photovoltaic effect. 3.1.1 Photovoltaic effect When the photons of light falls on the semiconductor material. The photons try to knockout the electrons from the conduction bands. As the energy gap between valence and conduction band increases and when a sufficient amount of energy is projected by the light photons .the electrons knocked out from their respective atom and started to move freely. These free electrons moves towards n-side and holes created due to the deficiency of electrons in this region moves towards p-side to recombine themselves .This difference of potential allows the flow of current. The PV cell absorbs incoming light photons in p-type. This p-type layer should be synchronized in such a way that it can absorb as many as photons possible and set free as many as electrons possible, to make a radiant flow of current. In order to make and efficient flow solar cell , the surface of the cell should be kept rough to maximize the absorption of photons while reflection should be minimized in this way maximum conduction can be achieved 3.2 History The photovoltaic cell was developed in 1954 at Bell Laboratories. The first highly efficient solar cell was developed by Daryl Chapin, Calvin Souther Fuller and Gerald Pearson in year 1954 using a diffused silicon p-n junction. Firstly, cells were developed for toys and other minor uses, as the cost of their production was very high. Design of solar cells is improved day by day to utilize it for more applications. The applications for that solar panels are used are different and there are three levels of generation 3.2.1 First Generation: First generation cells are single junction devices and they have large area also having high quality with reduction in production cost 3.2.2 Second Generation: These materials are developed to address energy requirements and production cost. They reduce high temperature processing as vapour deposition, electroplating and Ultrasonic nozzles. 3.2.3 Third Generation: The aimof these technologies is to improve poor electrical performance of second generation technologies with low production cost. 3.3 Photovoltaic cell architecture A PV module consists of a silicon cell .These cell are connected in series or parallel manner in order to produce desired voltage and current .Inside a PV cell a circuit is present that is sealed from the envoi metal protective lamination .A PV panel consists of one or more modules joined together. Finally these panels are combined to make a single PV array which is a complete electricity producing unit. The performance of a PV array or its modules is rated by its maximum throughput power under S.T.C (Standard Test Condition).STC is defined as when a PV modulecell is operated under 25  °C (77F), with an incident solar irradiation of 1000 W/m2 with the spectral distribution of 1.5 air mass. These are the perfect condition for a PV module to operate in , but in actual the performance of a PV module is almost 80 to 90 percent of its STC rating. The operating lifetime of a PV module is between 20 to 30 years .Most of the manufactures offers warranty of 20 or more years of its DC output power to a sustainable amount .PV modules are also lice censed under (UL) qualification test for its reliability checks. 3.3.1 Types of Solar Cell Now a days there are various types of cell materials are developed. Multi junction PV cells are made in order to increase the cell efficiency while decreasing its volume and weight. But they are far more expensive then an ordinary silicon cells. The maximum efficiency of a PV cell is achieved almost to 30 percent by doping different intrinsic material together .Example of the exotic materials are Gallium arsenide and Indium serenade etc. However silicon cells are the most common and widely used PV cells. There are three major types of Silicon cell: Amorphous silicon solar Cell or Thin Film Cell Mono-crystalline Wafers Poly crystalline Cell Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Amorphous technology is often seen in small devices, such as those in garden lamps or calculators, although amorphous panels are also increasingly used in other larger applications. They are formed by depositing a thin film of silicon onto a sheet of different material such as steel. The panel formed as one piece and each cell is not as visible as in other types. Efficiency of an amorphous solar cell is between 6 and 8%. The Lifetime of an amorphous cell is however shorter than that of crystalline cell. Amorphous cells have current density of about 15 mA/cm2,and the voltage of the cell without any connected load is 0.8 V, which is more as compared to crystalline cells. The efficiency of amorphous solar panels is low as those made from individual solar cells, although improvement has been made over recent years to a point where they can be use as a practical alternative to panels made with crystalline cells. Crystalline silicon solar cell The maximum efficiency of silicon solar cell is around 23 %, by adding some other semi-conductor materials it can increase up to 30 %, it depends on wavelength and semiconductor material being used. Crystalline solar cells are made up of wafers like stuff, which has about 0.3 mm thick and diameter of 10 to 15 cm. They can generate approximately 35 mA of current per cm2 of area at voltage of about 550 mV at full illumination. Crystalline solar cells can be wired in series or parallel to produce a solar panel. As each cell produces a voltage of between 0.5 and 0.6 Volts, 36 cells equipped in series are needed to produce an open-circuit voltage of about 20 Volts. This is enough to charge a 12 Volt battery under certain conditions. Although the efficiency of mono-crystalline cells is slightly higher as compared to that of a polycrystalline cells, but there are some practical difference in their performance. Crystalline cells have longer lifetime than that of amorphous solar cells. In our project we have used crystalline silicon cell because they are more efficient yet lesser in volume as compared to other types of solar cell, easily available in market and it is more economical. Polycrystalline Cell Polycrystalline silicon, also called poly silicon , consists of small silicon crystals of Polycrystalline cells which can be recognized by a visible grain, a â€Å"metal flake effect†. Semiconductor grade (solar grade) polycrystalline silicon then form to single crystal silicon, that is randomly associated crystallites of silicon in polycrystalline silicon are converted to a large single crystal[11]. Single crystal silicon is used in manufacture most of Si-based microelectronic devices. Polycrystalline silicon can be available up to 99.9999% pure. 3.4 Implementation of PV system: 3.4.1 Types of PV system There are three types of PV system being implemented around the world depending upon its function and integration with other energy resources. Standalone PV system Grid Connected PV system Hybrid Systems Stand alone PV system This type of system is usually present in our wrist watches, calculators and in space crafts also. These are dependent totally on its self generated power through solar panels and are directly used by DC loads or AC loads through inverter. In some system battery bank is also available to store the unused power to facilitate loads during night or under low light conditions. Further more a charge controller is also required in order to avoid battery from over charging and deep discharging. An inverter is also employed to provide power to AC loads. Grid Connected PV system In grid connected type the PV module has also backed up with WAPDA line or Grid connection. In this way if load is not getting enough power from the PV module or its battery, it will switch to the WAPDA line. This type of system is most commonly used around the World. Its applications are found mostly in small industries and homes. Hybrid System In this type the PV system is also integrated with two or more type of energy resources which may or may not be renewable resources .For example a wind turbine, steam engine or a small hydro plant etc. Other energy sources can also be integrated depending upon climate, geographical location of the place and several other perspectives. These systems are more appropriate for remote applications such as military installation, communication stations and rural villages. 3.4.2 Design Methodology Our project is based on a Hybrid System Consisting of a PV module and a windmill as two renewable energy resources, we have chosen these sources keeping in mind the climate and terrain of Lahore. 3.4.2.1 Components of Photovoltaic system: Solar cell Panel Inverter Charge Controller Batteries Integrator The major component of our system is the integrator .The function of this device is to integrate powers from both energy sources in a way that during operating time of the sources loads will directly get power from these sources and at night or the time when these sources are not operating loads are facilitated through battery banks. A controller is placed in the integrator circuit that is continuously monitoring the voltage level being provided by the sources. If the load can operate single handed by either of the sources the rely will build its connection from load with that source while the energy generated by the second source is being stored in the batteries .If both sources are required to derive a certain load rely opens up its connection of both sources with the load. When both sources are not providing a sufficient amount of power to the loads the controller will check whether batteries could provide sufficient amount of voltage so, it will start delivering power to load from the battery bank otherwise an LED blinks indicating that system cannot provide sufficient amount of power and will shutdown eventually. 3.4.2.2 Solar Panel Characteristics Table 3.1. Solar Panel Characteristics 3.4.2.3 Experimental Values This table shows the experimental results of output voltage and output current with respect to different timings and temperature variations in a day. Table 3.2. Solar Panel Throughput 3.4.2.4 Factors Affecting Output Power STC(Standard Test Condition) The electricity produce by solar cell is in DC, the DC output of solar panel is Tested under the STC that is Cell Temperature= 25 °C Solar Radiation Intensity= 1000 W/m2.. Air Mass= 1.5 These are the standard test condition at which Solar cell gives its Maximum Efficiency, in other conditions there is almost 10 to 15 percent of decrease in the efficiency of cell with respect to its STC rating. Temperature Output power of the solar cell is inversely proportion to the increase in temperature of the cell. For a crystalline module , a typical temperature reduction factor proposed by CEC is 89 percent which means †95 watts† module will typically provide 85 Watts (95watts*0.89=85watts) under sunlight conditions during summer seasons. Mismatch and wiring Losses The performance of the system can be affected due to mismatch of module connections. The loss in power also depends upon the increase in length of wire between source and load. As the distance between source and load increases losses also increases. Therefore the distance should be kept minimal to get maximum power throughput. DC To AC conversion Losses Since our system